Brain & Heart Health
Documentation of Claims
and
Related Clinical Trials
Taking B Sharp consistently for at least 30 days is the best way to start feeling positive results. Enjoy the benefits of our B Sharp formula containing only essential vitamins without any herbs. All ingredients in the formula are listed on the full disclosure label.
 

RLS - Restless Leg Syndrome?
These vitamins can help relieve symptoms: Magnesium, Calcium, Folic acid, B complex (B-12 is very important)

Excessive alcohol consumption can cause widespread damage to nerve tissue. Vitamins B1, B6, B12, and niacin are essential to healthy nerve function. Thiamine deficiency, is common among people with alcoholism and can cause a painful neuropathy.
 

Homocysteine and women's heart health - about heart healthy B's

High Homocysteine Levels Linked to Risk for Hip Fracture in Postmenopausal Women

Katherine Kahn, DVM

June 26, 2005 (Boston) — In the largest study to date, high levels of the amino acid homocysteine were related to almost a 2-fold increase in the risk for hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Lead investigator Meryl LeBoff, MD, presented the results of the study here at ENDO 2006, the 88th annual meeting of the Endocrine Society.

Dividing homocysteine levels into quartiles, the odds ratio for hip fracture risk increased linearly with homocysteine levels.

"On the basis of these data, there was an association between high homocysteine levels and risk for fracture," Dr. LeBoff told Medscape. "But further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms through which high homocysteine levels contribute to increased fracture risk, and whether this risk can be modified by nutritional factors."

Bart Clarke, MD, the moderator of the session, commented on Dr. LeBoff's study. "This is the best study by far on homocysteine and fracture risk just in terms of numbers of patients. It does show a mild effect in terms of hip fracture." Dr. Clark is assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Rochester, Minnesota, and was not associated with the study.


The study was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health WHI, the Vanguard Center, and the NIH ROI Hip Fracture Umbrella Study. Dr. LeBoff is a consultant to Novartis and a member of the advisory board to Procter & Gamble.

ENDO 2006: Abstract OR23-1. Presented June 25, 2006.
----------


High blood levels of homocysteine have been linked to an increased risk of heart attack in most studies.

Homocysteine is an amino acid in the blood and too much homocysteine in the blood (plasma) is correlated to a higher risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Specifically, research suggests that homocysteine damages the inner lining of arteries and promotes blood clots by causing a scarring effect that allows calcified deposits to grow. Many cardiologists are now working to lower homocysteine levels in their patients. Although much of the evidence is compelling, we do not know yet that hyperhomocysteinemia (high homocysteine levels) is a causal factor for heart disease. There are over 20 studies going on worldwide currently with over 100,000 participants with the primary objective being to investigate the causal relationships between homocysteine levels and CVD.

What we do know for sure know is that adequate levels of Folate (folic acid) and vitamin B-12 have been shown to reduce homocysteine levels. Our Vitamin B-12 and Folic Acid complex has high levels of each of these supplements to help lower homocysteine levels.


Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Farstad M, Vollset SE. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:230-6.
The Physician’s Health Study showed that “Men with plasma homocysteine concentrations that were 12 percent above the upper limit of normal had approximately a threefold increase in the risk of myocardial infarction, as compared with those with lower levels, even after correction for other risk factors.

The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 338, No. 15

  • Alzheimer's patients are lacking B-12 and Folic Acid.
  • As a mood booster - TMG works along with Vitamin B6, folic acid and Vitamin B12, found in B Sharp® to augment the formation of SAMe which supports mood and well-being.
  • TMG as a performance enhancer and protector allows the body to burn fat rather than protein or muscle during exercise which results in increased endurance, less cramping.


“The association of high levels of homocysteine with oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, occlusive vascular diseases, and, in particular, with decline of cognitive function may explain, at least in part, our findings on the association of low concentrations of B6 and B12 with disability,” wrote the authors.

Bartali, Benedetta et al. "Low micronutrient levels as a predictor of incident disability in older women." Archives of Internal Medicine. 2006; 166:2335-2340.

Moodiness, restlessness, irritability, insomnia and impaired mental functioning (particularly in the elderly) can indicate a B-12 deficiency and supplementation can cause dramatic improvement. 1-4
1. Ellis FR, Nasser S. A pilot study of vitamin B12 in the treatment of tiredness. Br J Nutr 1973;30:277–83.
2. Lapp CW, Cheney PR. The rationale for using high-dose cobalamin (vitamin B12). CFIDS Chronicle Physicians’ Forum, 1993;Fall:19–20.
3. 12. Lindenbaum J, Healton EB, Savage DG, et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1720–8.
4. 13. Penninx BW, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, et al. Vitamin B(12) deficiency and depression in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic evidence from the Women’s Health and Aging Study. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:715–21.

.

Lack of B-6 may cause carpal tunnel syndrome, painful neuropathy in your hands that may make it impossible to type or grip heavy objects. Also important is cyanocobalamin (B-12), which helps nerves function and avoid damage. Both B-12 and folic acid (B-9) deficiency can give you neuropathic leg and foot pain.


Nerve Health
Vitamin B12 maintains the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers.
Myelin is created and maintained by methylation reactions that depend on vitamin B12.
B12 metabolizes the fatty acid necessary to maintain the myelin sheaths.
B-vitamins, such as thiamin (B1), pyridoxine (B6), and cyanocobalamin (B12), have been proven to be clinically effective in treating various painful conditions such as sciatica.
When Japanese researchers studied how B vitamins enhance nerve health, they found that supplements helped nerves repair themselves and transmit their vital information (Gen Pharmacol 1996;27(6)995-1000).
A German study found similar benefits (Ex Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996;104(4):311-6). Yet another study discovered that taking B-6 can relieve nerve pain (Adv Perit Dial 2000;16:308-12).

ARTERY NARROWING STOPPED BY B VITAMIN COMBINATION 2
Publisher's abstract: New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;350(26):2708-10.
A regimen of folate, vitamin B-12 and vitamin B-6 prevented recurrence of blocked arteries in patients who had undergone coronary angioplasty. Patients taking the vitamin combination over the six-month study showed a 48% reduction in the development of restenosis, or renarrowing of the arteries, compared with patients receiving the placebo. The vitamin regimen decreased by 38% the need for repeat angioplasties or heart-bypass operations. [Participants were randomly assigned to receive a combination of 400 mcg cyanocobalamin, 10 mg vitamin B6, and 1 mg folate daily.] Important: Taking a B6/B12/Folate supplement is currently NOT recommended following stent implantation due to a conflicting study showing increased risk of restenosis. 3


New England Journal of Medicine
Volume 346:476-483

Plasma Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease
Sudha Seshadri, M.D., Alexa Beiser, Ph.D., Jacob Selhub, Ph.D., Paul F. Jacques, Sc.D.,
Irwin H. Rosenberg, M.D., Ralph B. D'Agostino, Ph.D., Peter W.F. Wilson, M.D., and Philip A. Wolf, M.D

Conclusions An increased plasma homocysteine level is a strong, independent risk factor for the
development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. (Various human clinical trials noted below.)

  • Aisen, P. S., Schneider, L. S., Sano, M., Diaz-Arrastia, R., van Dyck, C. H., Weiner, M. F., Bottiglieri, T., Jin, S., Stokes, K. T., Thomas, R. G., Thal, L. J., for the Alzheimer Disease Cooperative Study, (2008). High-Dose B Vitamin Supplementation and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 300: 1774-1783
  • Kitami, T., Rubio, R., O'Brien, W., Quackenbush, J., Nadeau, J. H. (2008). Gene-environment interactions reveal a homeostatic role for cholesterol metabolism during dietary folate perturbation in mice. Physiol. Genomics 35: 182-190
  • Vogiatzoglou, A., Refsum, H., Johnston, C., Smith, S. M., Bradley, K. M., de Jager, C., Budge, M. M., Smith, A. D. (2008). Vitamin B12 status and rate of brain volume loss in community-dwelling elderly. Neurology 71: 826-832
  • Coley, N., Andrieu, S., Gardette, V., Gillette-Guyonnet, S., Sanz, C., Vellas, B., Grand, A. (2008). Dementia Prevention: Methodological Explanations for Inconsistent Results. Epidemiol Rev 0: mxn010v1-mxn010
  • Chin, A.-V., Robinson, D. J., O'Connell, H., Hamilton, F., Bruce, I., Coen, R., Walsh, B., Coakley, D., Molloy, A., Scott, J., Lawlor, B. A., Cunningham, C. J. (2008). Vascular biomarkers of cognitive performance in a community-based elderly population: the Dublin Healthy Ageing study. Age Ageing 37: 559-564
  • Kim, J-M, Stewart, R, Kim, S-W, Shin, I-S, Yang, S-J, Shin, H-Y, Yoon, J-S (2008). Changes in folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine associated with incident dementia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 79: 864-868
  • Yang, Q.-H., Botto, L. D, Gallagher, M., Friedman, J., Sanders, C. L, Koontz, D., Nikolova, S., Erickson, J D., Steinberg, K. (2008). Prevalence and effects of gene-gene and gene-nutrient interactions on serum folate and serum total homocysteine concentrations in the United States: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey DNA Bank. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88: 232-246
  • Locascio, J. J., Fukumoto, H., Yap, L., Bottiglieri, T., Growdon, J. H., Hyman, B. T., Irizarry, M. C. (2008). Plasma Amyloid {beta}-Protein and C-reactive Protein in Relation to the Rate of Progression of Alzheimer Disease. Arch Neurol 65: 776-785
  • Seshadri, S., Wolf, P. A., Beiser, A. S., Selhub, J., Au, R., Jacques, P. F., Yoshita, M., Rosenberg, I. H., D'Agostino, R. B., DeCarli, C. (2008). Association of Plasma Total Homocysteine Levels With Subclinical Brain Injury: Cerebral Volumes, White Matter Hyperintensity, and Silent Brain Infarcts at Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Framingham Offspring Study. Arch Neurol 65: 642-649
  • Chertkow, H. MD (2008). Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: Introduction. Introducing a series based on the Third Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia. CMAJ 178: 316-321
  • Wagner, C., Koury, M. J (2007). S-Adenosylhomocysteine a better indicator of vascular disease than homocysteine?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 1581-1585
  • Newman, G. C., Bang, H., Hussain, S. I., Toole, J. F. (2007). Association of diabetes, homocysteine, and HDL with cognition and disability after stroke. Neurology 69: 2054-2062
  • Vance, D. E., Li, Z., Jacobs, R. L. (2007). Hepatic Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, Unexpected Roles in Animal Biochemistry and Physiology. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 33237-33241
  • Clarke, R., Birks, J., Nexo, E., Ueland, P. M, Schneede, J., Scott, J., Molloy, A., Evans, J. G. (2007). Low vitamin B-12 status and risk of cognitive decline in older adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 1384-1391
  • Nielsen, H. M., Minthon, L., Londos, E., Blennow, K., Miranda, E., Perez, J., Crowther, D. C., Lomas, D. A., Janciauskiene, S. M. (2007). Plasma and CSF serpins in Alzheimer disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 69: 1569-1579
  • Chiuve, S. E, Giovannucci, E. L, Hankinson, S. E, Zeisel, S. H, Dougherty, L. W, Willett, W. C, Rimm, E. B (2007). The association between betaine and choline intakes and the plasma concentrations of homocysteine in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 1073-1081
  • Elkins, J. S., Johnston, S. C., Ziv, E., Kado, D., Cauley, J. A., Yaffe, K. (2007). Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism and Cognitive Function in Older Women. Am J Epidemiol 166: 672-678
  • de Lau, L. M., Refsum, H., Smith, A D., Johnston, C., Breteler, M. M. (2007). Plasma folate concentration and cognitive performance: Rotterdam Scan Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 728-734
  • Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Maioli, F., Bastagli, L., Montesi, F., Pisacane, N., Chiappelli, M., Licastro, F., Patterson, C. (2007). Endogenous Sex Hormones as Risk Factors for Dementia in Elderly Men and Women. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 62: 1035-1041
  • Kim, J., Park, M. H., Kim, E., Han, C., Jo, S. A., Jo, I. (2007). Plasma Homocysteine Is Associated with the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in an Elderly Korean Population. J. Nutr. 137: 2093-2097
  • Halsted, C. H, Wong, D. H, Peerson, J. M, Warden, C. H, Refsum, H., Smith, A D., Nygard, O. K, Ueland, P. M, Vollset, S. E, Tell, G. S (2007). Relations of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) polymorphisms to folate and homocysteine concentrations and to scores of cognition, anxiety, and depression in a homogeneous Norwegian population: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 514-521
  • Sahin, S., Aksungar, F.B., Topkaya, A.E., Yildiz, Z., Boru, U.T., Ayalp, S., Karsidag, S. (2007). Increased plasma homocysteine levels in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 13: 945-946
  • Culley, D. J., Raghavan, S. V., Waly, M., Baxter, M. G., Yukhananov, R., Deth, R. C., Crosby, G. (2007). Nitrous Oxide Decreases Cortical Methionine Synthase Transiently but Produces Lasting Memory Impairment in Aged Rats. Anesth. Analg. 105: 83-88
  • Raman, G., Tatsioni, A., Chung, M., Rosenberg, I. H., Lau, J., Lichtenstein, A. H., Balk, E. M. (2007). Heterogeneity and Lack of Good Quality Studies Limit Association Between Folate, Vitamins B-6 and B-12, and Cognitive Function. J. Nutr. 137: 1789-1794
  • Hailpern, S. M., Melamed, M. L., Cohen, H. W., Hostetter, T. H. (2007). Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease and Cognitive Function in Adults 20 to 59 Years of Age: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18: 2205-2213
  • Folstein, M., Liu, T., Peter, I., Buel, J., Arsenault, L., Scott, T., Qiu, W. W. (2007). The Homocysteine Hypothesis of Depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 164: 861-867
  • Chwatko, G., Boers, G. H. J., Strauss, K. A., Shih, D. M., Jakubowski, H. (2007). Mutations in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase or cystathionine {beta}-syntase gene, or a high-methionine diet, increase homocysteine thiolactone levels in humans and mice. FASEB J. 21: 1707-1713
  • Obeid, R., Kasoha, M., Knapp, J.-P., Kostopoulos, P., Becker, G., Fassbender, K., Herrmann, W. (2007). Folate and Methylation Status in Relation to Phosphorylated Tau Protein(181P) and {beta}-Amyloid(1-42) in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Clin. Chem. 53: 1129-1136
  • Rowan, E. N., Dickinson, H. O., Stephens, S., Ballard, C., Kalaria, R., Anne Kenny, R. (2007). Homocysteine and post-stroke cognitive decline. Age Ageing 36: 339-343
  • Kuo, H.-K., Liao, K.-C., Leveille, S. G., Bean, J. F., Yen, C.-J., Chen, J.-H., Yu, Y.-H., Tai, T.-Y. (2007). Relationship of Homocysteine Levels to Quadriceps Strength, Gait Speed, and Late-Life Disability in Older Adults. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 62: 434-439
  • Marino, M. C. A., de Oliveira, C. A., Rocha, A. M. C., Rocha, G. A., Clementino, N. C. D., Antunes, L. F., Oliveira, R. A., Martins, A. S., Del Puerto, H. L., D'Almeida, V., Galdieri, L., Pedroso, E. R. P., Cabral, M. M. D. A., Nogueira, A. M. M. F., Queiroz, D. M. M. (2007). Long-term effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on plasma homocysteine in elderly patients with cobalamin deficiency. Gut 56: 469-474
  • Sontag, E., Nunbhakdi-Craig, V., Sontag, J.-M., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Ogris, E., Dayal, S., Lentz, S. R., Arning, E., Bottiglieri, T. (2007). Protein Phosphatase 2A Methyltransferase Links Homocysteine Metabolism with Tau and Amyloid Precursor Protein Regulation. J. Neurosci. 27: 2751-2759
  • Elias, M. F., Sullivan, L. M., Elias, P. K., D'Agostino, R. B. Sr, Wolf, P. A., Seshadri, S., Au, R., Benjamin, E. J., Vasan, R. S. (2007). Left Ventricular Mass, Blood Pressure, and Lowered Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Offspring. Hypertension 49: 439-445
  • Riedijk, M. A., Stoll, B., Chacko, S., Schierbeek, H., Sunehag, A. L., van Goudoever, J. B., Burrin, D. G. (2007). Methionine transmethylation and transsulfuration in the piglet gastrointestinal tract. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 3408-3413
  • Clarke, R. (2007). Homocysteine, B vitamins, and the risk of dementia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 329-330
  • Green, T. J, McMahon, J. A, Skeaff, C M., Williams, S. M, Whiting, S. J (2007). Lowering homocysteine with B vitamins has no effect on biomarkers of bone turnover in older persons: a 2-y randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 460-464
  • Winkels, R. M, Brouwer, I. A, Siebelink, E., Katan, M. B, Verhoef, P. (2007). Bioavailability of food folates is 80% of that of folic acid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 465-473
  • Haan, M. N, Miller, J. W, Aiello, A. E, Whitmer, R. A, Jagust, W. J, Mungas, D. M, Allen, L. H, Green, R. (2007). Homocysteine, B vitamins, and the incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment: results from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 511-517
  • Bathum, L., Hjelmborg, J. v. B., Christiansen, L., McGue, M., Jeune, B., Christensen, K. (2007). Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677C>T and Methionine Synthase 2756A>G Mutations: No Impact on Survival, Cognitive Functioning, or Cognitive Decline in Nonagenarians. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 62: 196-201
  • Brewer, G. J. (2007). Iron and Copper Toxicity in Diseases of Aging, Particularly Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. Exp. Biol. Med. 232: 323-335
  • Ruiz, J. R., Sola, R., Gonzalez-Gross, M., Ortega, F. B., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Garcia-Fuentes, M., Gutierrez, A., Sjostrom, M., Pietrzik, K., Castillo, M. J. (2007). Cardiovascular Fitness Is Negatively Associated With Homocysteine Levels in Female Adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161: 166-171
  • Blaise, S. A., Nedelec, E., Schroeder, H., Alberto, J.-M., Bossenmeyer-Pourie, C., Gueant, J.-L., Daval, J.-L. (2007). Gestational Vitamin B Deficiency Leads to Homocysteine-Associated Brain Apoptosis and Alters Neurobehavioral Development in Rats. Am. J. Pathol. 170: 667-679
  • Luchsinger, J. A., Tang, M.-X., Miller, J., Green, R., Mayeux, R. (2007). Relation of Higher Folate Intake to Lower Risk of Alzheimer Disease in the Elderly. Arch Neurol 64: 86-92
  • Thomas, P., Fenech, M. (2007). A review of genome mutation and Alzheimer's disease. Mutagenesis 22: 15-33
  • Miller, J. W (2006). Assessing the association between vitamin B-12 status and cognitive function in older adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84: 1259-1260
  • McCracken, C., Hudson, P., Ellis, R., McCaddon, A., the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function an, (2006). Methylmalonic acid and cognitive function in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84: 1406-1411
  • Stabler, S. P, Allen, R. H, Dolce, E. T, Johnson, M. A. (2006). Elevated serum S-adenosylhomocysteine in cobalamin-deficient elderly and response to treatment. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84: 1422-1429
  • Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Maioli, F., Chiappelli, M., Montesi, F., Bianchin, M., Licastro, F., Patterson, C. (2006). Apolipoprotein E e4 allele affects risk of hyperhomocysteinemia in the elderly. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84: 1473-1480
  • Feng, L., Ng, T.-P., Chuah, L., Niti, M., Kua, E.-H. (2006). Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 and cognitive performance in older Chinese adults: findings from the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84: 1506-1512
  • Hortin, G. L., Seam, N., Hoehn, G. T. (2006). Bound Homocysteine, Cysteine, and Cysteinylglycine Distribution between Albumin and Globulins. Clin. Chem. 52: 2258-2264
  • Vitvitsky, V., Thomas, M., Ghorpade, A., Gendelman, H. E., Banerjee, R. (2006). A Functional Transsulfuration Pathway in the Brain Links to Glutathione Homeostasis. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 35785-35793
  • Schaefer, E. J., Bongard, V., Beiser, A. S., Lamon-Fava, S., Robins, S. J., Au, R., Tucker, K. L., Kyle, D. J., Wilson, P. W. F., Wolf, P. A. (2006). Plasma Phosphatidylcholine Docosahexaenoic Acid Content and Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease: The Framingham Heart Study. Arch Neurol 63: 1545-1550
  • Mullick, A. E., Zaid, U. B., Athanassious, C. N., Lentz, S. R., Rutledge, J. C., Symons, J. D. (2006). Hyperhomocysteinemia increases arterial permeability and stiffness in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 291: R1349-R1354
  • Drachman, D. A. (2006). Aging of the brain, entropy, and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 67: 1340-1352
  • Burton, E. J., McKeith, I. G., Burn, D. J., Firbank, M. J., O'Brien, J. T. (2006). Progression of White Matter Hyperintensities in Alzheimer Disease, Dementia With Lewy Bodies, and Parkinson Disease Dementia: A Comparison With Normal Aging. AJGP 14: 842-849
  • Lucca, U., Tettamanti, M., Quadri, P., Dettling, M., Opgen-Rhein, C., Anghelescu, I.-G., Narayan, R. L., Skeaff, C. M., Green, T. J., McMahon, J. A. (2006). Homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance.. NEJM 355: 1390-1391
  • Soumare, A., Elbaz, A., Ducros, V., Tavernier, B., Alperovitch, A., Tzourio, C. (2006). Cross-sectional association between homocysteine and motor function in the elderly.. Neurology 67: 985-990
  • Sunderland, T., Hampel, H., Takeda, M., Putnam, K. T., Cohen, R. M. (2006). Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: Are We Ready?. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 19: 172-179
  • Jensen, G. L. (2006). Inflammation as the Key Interface of the Medical and Nutrition Universes: A Provocative Examination of the Future of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 30: 453-463
  • Zimny, J., Sikora, M., Guranowski, A., Jakubowski, H. (2006). Protective Mechanisms against Homocysteine Toxicity: THE ROLE OF BLEOMYCIN HYDROLASE. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 22485-22492
  • Fraser, K. R., Tuite, N. L., Bhagwat, A., O'Byrne, C. P. (2006). Global effects of homocysteine on transcription in Escherichia coli: induction of the gene for the major cold-shock protein, CspA.. Microbiology 152: 2221-2231
  • Murray, A. M., Tupper, D. E., Knopman, D. S., Gilbertson, D. T., Pederson, S. L., Li, S., Smith, G. E., Hochhalter, A. K., Collins, A. J., Kane, R. L. (2006). Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common.. Neurology 67: 216-223
  • Elias, M. F., Robbins, M. A., Budge, M. M., Elias, P. K., Brennan, S. L., Johnston, C., Nagy, Z., Bates, C. J. (2006). Homocysteine, Folate, and Vitamins B6 and B12 Blood Levels in Relation to Cognitive Performance: The Maine-Syracuse Study. Psychosom. Med. 68: 547-554
  • Kullo, I. J., Ding, K., Boerwinkle, E., Turner, S. T., Mosley, T. H. Jr, Kardia, S. L.R., de Andrade, M. (2006). Novel Genomic Loci Influencing Plasma Homocysteine Levels. Stroke 37: 1703-1709
  • McMahon, J. A., Green, T. J., Skeaff, C. M., Knight, R. G., Mann, J. I., Williams, S. M. (2006). A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance.. NEJM 354: 2764-2772
  • Clarke, R. (2006). Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the prevention of dementia.. NEJM 354: 2817-2819
  • Johnson, E. J, Schaefer, E. J (2006). Potential role of dietary n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of dementia and macular degeneration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83: S1494-1498S
  • Bischoff, H. A., Staehelin, H. B., Willett, W. C. (2006). The effect of undernutrition in the development of frailty in older persons.. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61: 585-589
  • Selhub, J. (2006). The Many Facets of Hyperhomocysteinemia: Studies from the Framingham Cohorts. J. Nutr. 136: 1726S-1730S
  • Beeri, M. S., Rapp, M., Silverman, J. M., Schmeidler, J., Grossman, H. T., Fallon, J. T., Purohit, D. P., Perl, D. P., Siddiqui, A., Lesser, G., Rosendorff, C., Haroutunian, V. (2006). Coronary artery disease is associated with Alzheimer disease neuropathology in APOE4 carriers. Neurology 66: 1399-1404
  • Annerbo, S., Wahlund, L.-O., Lokk, J. (2006). The Significance of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Homocysteine in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 6-Year Follow-up Study. AM J ALZHEIMERS DIS OTHER DEMEN 21: 182-188
  • Woo, C. W.H., Siow, Y. L., O, K. (2006). Homocysteine Activates cAMP-response Element Binding Protein in HepG2 Through cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 26: 1043-1050
  • Cho, E., Zeisel, S. H, Jacques, P., Selhub, J., Dougherty, L., Colditz, G. A, Willett, W. C (2006). Dietary choline and betaine assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring Study.. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83: 905-911
  • Carney, E., Canada, T. (2006). Dietary Folate and Vitamin B12 Intake and Cognitive Decline Among Community-Dwelling Older Persons. Nutr Clin Pract 21: 188-189
  • Devlin, A. M, Clarke, R., Birks, J., Evans, J. G., Halsted, C. H (2006). Interactions among polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing genes and serum total homocysteine concentrations in a healthy elderly population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83: 708-713
  • Borek, C. (2006). Garlic Reduces Dementia and Heart-Disease Risk. J. Nutr. 136: 810S-812S
  • Kamath, A. F., Chauhan, A. K., Kisucka, J., Dole, V. S., Loscalzo, J., Handy, D. E., Wagner, D. D. (2006). Elevated levels of homocysteine compromise blood-brain barrier integrity in mice. Blood 107: 591-593
  • Gurol, M. E., Irizarry, M. C., Smith, E. E., Raju, S., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Bottiglieri, T., Rosand, J., Growdon, J. H., Greenberg, S. M. (2006). Plasma {beta}-amyloid and white matter lesions in AD, MCI, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology 66: 23-29
  • Prohovnik, I., Perl, D. P., Davis, K. L., Libow, L., Lesser, G., Haroutunian, V. (2006). Dissociation of neuropathology from severity of dementia in late-onset Alzheimer disease. Neurology 66: 49-55
  • Almeida, O. P., Norman, P., Hankey, G., Jamrozik, K., Flicker, L. (2006). Successful Mental Health Aging: Results From a Longitudinal Study of Older Australian Men. AJGP 14: 27-35
  • Schwab, U., Torronen, A., Meririnne, E., Saarinen, M., Alfthan, G., Aro, A., Uusitupa, M. (2006). Orally Administered Betaine Has an Acute and Dose-Dependent Effect on Serum Betaine and Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations in Healthy Humans. J. Nutr. 136: 34-38
  • Ramos, M. I, Allen, L. H, Mungas, D. M, Jagust, W. J, Haan, M. N, Green, R., Miller, J. W (2005). Low folate status is associated with impaired cognitive function and dementia in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 1346-1352
  • Irizarry, M. C., Gurol, M. E., Raju, S., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Locascio, J. J., Tennis, M., Hyman, B. T., Growdon, J. H., Greenberg, S. M., Bottiglieri, T. (2005). Association of homocysteine with plasma amyloid {beta} protein in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Neurology 65: 1402-1408
  • Mooijaart, S. P, Gussekloo, J., Frolich, M., Jolles, J., Stott, D. J, Westendorp, R. G., de Craen, A. J. (2005). Homocysteine, vitamin B-12, and folic acid and the risk of cognitive decline in old age: the Leiden 85-Plus Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 866-871
  • Chen, C.-S., Tsai, J.-C., Tsang, H.-Y., Kuo, Y.-T., Lin, H.-F., Chiang, I-C., Devanand, D.P. (2005). Homocysteine Levels, MTHFR C677T Genotype, and MRI Hyperintensities in Late-Onset Major Depressive Disorder. AJGP 13: 869-875
  • Elias, M. F., Sullivan, L. M., D'Agostino, R. B., Elias, P. K., Jacques, P. F., Selhub, J., Seshadri, S., Au, R., Beiser, A., Wolf, P. A. (2005). Homocysteine and Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Offspring Study: Age Is Important. Am J Epidemiol 162: 644-653
  • Bottiglieri, T., Diaz-Arrastia, R. (2005). Hyperhomocysteinemia and cognitive function: more than just a casual link?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 493-494
  • Tucker, K. L, Qiao, N., Scott, T., Rosenberg, I., Spiro, A. III (2005). High homocysteine and low B vitamins predict cognitive decline in aging men: the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 627-635
  • Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Maioli, F., Martelli, M., Servadei, L., Brunetti, N., Porcellini, E., Licastro, F. (2005). Homocysteine and folate as risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 636-643

 

 
This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
 
Copyright © 2007 M.M. Enterprises All rights reserved